Home Print this page Email this page   Users Online: 77

 

Home About us Editorial board Search Ahead of print Current issue Archives Submit article Instructions Subscribe Contacts Login 


 
 Table of Contents  
REVIEW ARTICLE
Year : 2016  |  Volume : 4  |  Issue : 3  |  Page : 45-50

Applications of silver nanoparticles in prosthodontics: An overview


1 Department of Prosthodontic and Crown and Bridge, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University Dental College and Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
2 Materials Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India

Date of Web Publication31-May-2017

Correspondence Address:
Rajashree Dhananjay Jadhav
Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University Dental College and Hospital, Katraj-Dhankawadi Educational Complex, Pune Satara Road, Pune - 411 043, Maharashtra
India
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/EJP.EJP_24_16

Rights and Permissions
  Abstract 


Silver (Ag) has been in use in medicine since time immemorial because of its antimicrobial properties. However, due to the emergence of antibiotics, the use of Ag has been declined. Several pathogenic bacteria have developed resistance against various antibiotics. This has led to the reemergence of Ag. Recently, nanoscience and nanotechnology are gaining tremendous popularity. The small size of nanoparticles provides larger surface area and hence increases the effectiveness of nanoparticles. Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used in medical and dental applications ranging from Ag-based wound dressings, Ag-coated medical devices such as catheters, bone cements, in gels, lotions, cosmetics, in dental restorative materials, endodontic cements, dental implants' caries inhibitory agents, and in prosthesis. This paper reviews the use of AgNPs as an antimicrobial in oral prosthesis.

Keywords: Antimicrobial agent, candidiasis, denture base resin, poly (methyl methacrylate), silver nanoparticles


How to cite this article:
Jadhav RD, Bhide SV, Prasad B, Shimpi J. Applications of silver nanoparticles in prosthodontics: An overview. Eur J Prosthodont 2016;4:45-50

How to cite this URL:
Jadhav RD, Bhide SV, Prasad B, Shimpi J. Applications of silver nanoparticles in prosthodontics: An overview. Eur J Prosthodont [serial online] 2016 [cited 2018 Jun 29];4:45-50. Available from: http://www.eurjprosthodont.org/text.asp?2016/4/3/45/207366




  Introduction Top


The synthetic resin used currently in dentistry is based on acrylic resin poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). PMMA polymers were introduced as a denture base material by Wright in 1937, and till date, no other material has been found matching the appearance of oral soft tissues with as great fidelity as acrylic resin. Since the overall performance is satisfactory, it is widely used for the construction of complete dentures.[1] It has been shown by many researchers that denture base material (PMMA) may act as a reservoir for many microorganisms and have the potential to support biofilm formation.[2],[3] Insertion of a dental prosthesis results in drastic changes in the oral environmental conditions as the prosthesis becomes colonized with various microorganisms. It isolates the underlying mucosa from the mechanical cleansing effect of the tongue and free flow of saliva. Furthermore, the porous surface of denture base material (PMMA) and irregularities on the anatomical surface of prosthesis favor the accumulation of microorganisms. This mainly causes the problem of denture stomatitis or candidiasis.[4],[5]


  Denture Stomatitis or Candidiasis Top


Candida species are human fungal pathogens. They are ubiquitous in nature and capable of initiating a variety of recurring superficial diseases in the oral and vaginal mucosae. Many species of Candida have been involved in pathogenesis, but among them, Candida albicans has been shown to be most opportunistic pathogen causing infection in the oral cavity and to be able to colonize acrylic materials.[6],[7],[8],[9]Candida species form a biofilm on acrylic denture surfaces. This biofilm is the network of yeasts, pseudohyphae, and hyphae surrounded by an extracellular matrix and logged into irregularities and a rough anatomical surface of the acrylic prosthesis.[10] Tissue invasion by these species causes infection of the oral mucosa. C. albicans has the ability to degrade proteins in both yeast and hyphal forms. They can induce a chronic inflammatory response in the oral mucosa, described as denture stomatitis.[11],[12] Denture-induced stomatitis or candidiasis is an inflammatory reaction of the denture-bearing mucosa that affects approximately 60%–70% of complete denture wearers.[13] Medications that lead mainly to xerostomia, nutritional factors, systemic diseases such as hypothyroidism, Sjogren's syndrome, Addison's disease, AIDS, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), malignancy and cancer therapy, chronic smokers, diabetes mellitus, and denture wearers are the predisposing factors for oral candidiasis. Old and hospitalized patients show candidiasis as the immune system is lowered. These patients are not able to maintain oral hygiene and cleanliness of the denture. Candida infections have received more diligence due to the onset of the retrovirus such as HIV infection. As per Samaranayake, 90% of HIV-infected individuals suffer from oropharyngeal candidiasis.[14] This condition is a key feature in staging HIV disease.[15],[16] Management of candidiasis includes (1) adoption of prophylactic measures by the patients and (2) use of antifungal drugs. Topical antifungal agents (e.g., nystatin, clotrimazole, and amphotericin B) or systemic oral azoles (fluconazole, itraconazole, or posaconazole) can be used to treat oral candidiasis. However, candidiasis showed resistance to azole group. In addition to these topical or systemic antifungals, antiseptic agents such as chlorhexidine gluconate have been used.[17],[18] In geriatric or hospitalized patients, even denture cleansing might be compromised owing to cognitive impairment (Alzheimer's disease), reduced motor dexterity, and memory loss. Systemic or local antibiotic agents have been prescribed for an elimination of bacterial population. However, with microbial resistance and the health-care costs being inflated, the researching on antimicrobial denture base or antimicrobial tissue conditioner is needed for its prevention and care.[19],[20],[21],[22] Thus, denture stomatitis or candidiasis is a challenge for the dental field. Efforts are being made to discover new antifungal agents. For prevention of denture stomatitis, incorporation of antimicrobial agents into denture base resin and in tissue conditioners have been tried. Denture base resin that can prevent adhesion of microorganisms is currently unavailable. However, this review describes oral prosthesis containing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) that can be used to produce prosthesis with antifungal properties.

Silver nanoparticles

Richard Feynman in 1959 introduced the concept of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology can be defined as the study of very small materials or structures.[23] The size of the nanostructure is 1–100 nm.

For many years, silver (Ag) has been used in medicines as an antimicrobial agent. However, the use of Ag as an antibacterial agent decreased with the discovery and popularity of antibiotics. However, the antibiotic-resistant pathogens have brought a revival in Ag-based medications.[24] Ag has been widely used in medical and life-care polymers. It exhibits antimicrobial action against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi.

This has stimulated the incorporation of antimicrobials into denture base materials such as Ag. Some researchers used AgNPs in tissue conditioners and denture base materials to make them antimicrobial. Nanoparticles have been introduced as materials used in biological and medical applications. Various nanoparticles and their nanocomposites are used as good antibacterial agents.[25] Antimicrobial action of AgNPs depends on their size, size distribution, shape, and surface chemistry. The small size of the particles and resulting large surface area can lead to particle–particle aggregation leading to the loss of those properties attributed to the nanoscale nature of the particles. Smaller AgNPs (3 nm) are more cytotoxic than larger particles (25 nm) at a concentration of 10 μg/mL.[26] For better efficacy, size, shape, and morphology are important. In light of the newer advances in the field of nanotechnology, modulation of size and shape of nanoparticles has been made possible.

The AgNPs can be synthesized using physical, chemical, and photochemical methods. AgNPs can be synthesized by chemical reduction of Ag salt using a reducing agent, by photoreduction of the Ag salt in the presence of citrate by ultraviolet (UV) light, by green synthesis method using natural products and avoiding toxic reducing agents, by laser ablation. AgNPs can be prepared by many different ways. Wet chemical reduction method is commonly in use. AgNPs can be prepared by the reduction of either soluble or insoluble Ag compounds.[27] The use of different reducing agents leads to the formation of AgNPs with various sizes and shapes.[28] The reduction of Ag nitrate by sodium borohydride is one of the strongest reducing agents and therefore very small AgNPs are produced.[29] Milder reducing agents such as saccharides allow preparation of bigger AgNPs with sizes.[30]

The size and shape of metal nanoparticles are measured by analytical techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy, or atomic force microscopy. AgNPs were characterized by dynamic light scattering and UV/visible spectroscopy techniques and TEM.[31]

Antimicrobial action of silver nanoparticles

Ag has been pursued as an alternative strategy for reducing bacterial adhesion and to prevent biofilm formation. The mechanism of the inhibitory action of AgNPs on microbes is not fully understood. Recently, it has been suggested that the antimicrobial mechanism of AgNPs may also be related to membrane damage due to free radicals that are derived from the surface of the nanoparticles. This bactericidal activity also appears to be dependent on the size, shape, and concentration of the AgNPs.

Two hypotheses were put forward for the bactericidal activity of Ag [32]: (1) AgNPs bind to sulfur-containing proteins in biological molecules, resulting in pore formation in cell membrane or defect in cell membrane through the formation of reactive oxygen species in the vicinity of bacterial cell membrane causing cell permeability and death.[33] (2) It interacts with phosphorus-containing compounds such as DNA and various cellular enzymes such as cytochrome oxidase and NADH-succinate-dehydrogenase that affects cell division process and leading to cell death.[34] Both mechanisms depend on Ag release.

Researchers have studied Ag nanocomposites with antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral applications in the medical field. However, as compared to other fields' application of AgNPs in dentistry is less.


  Applications of Silver Nanoparticles in Dentistry Top


The main intention of incorporation of AgNPs into dental materials is to avoid or at least to decrease the biofilm formation and microbial colonization.[35] AgNPs are used in dental prostheses, implantology, and restorative dentistry.[21],[35],[36],[37]

Silver nanoparticles in dental implants

Nanotechnology is used for surface modification of dental implants. Titanium (Ti) is a biocompatible material used in medical and dental implants. A common problem with implants is that after implantation bacteria can form biofilms on their surfaces, which can lead to infection, inflammation, and finally to implant rejection. Therefore, surface modification of Ti by coating or adding antibacterial material to reduce the bacterial and microbial infection is an efficient way to increase the prognosis of the treatment. AgNPs is well-known antibacterial, antimicrobial agent, and their integration to Ti surfaces may decrease the risk of implant failure.[35]

Flores et al. studied the antibacterial activity of AgNPs against microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Their data suggested that the incorporation of AgNPs on Ti implants is a logical method to protect implant surface against the pathogen. Their findings are valuable for improving the Ti-based implants. As bactericidal action is obtained even with less amount of Ag, which are not detrimental to the cells involved in the osseointegration process.[38]

Zhao et al. studied titania nanotubes (TiO2-NTs) incorporated with Ag nanoparticles fabricated on Ti implants. The Ag nanoparticles attach to the wall of the TiO2-NTs prepared by immersion in a Ag nitrate solution followed by UV light radiation. Their results showed that TiO2-NTs loaded with Ag nanoparticles can kill bacteria in the suspension.[39] Heng-Li Huang et al. used TaN-Ag coatings on Ti dental implants.

Silver nanoparticles in tissue conditioners

Tissue conditioners or soft liners are used to treat an inflamed and abused mucosa supporting a denture and nurturing them back to health. Relining the ill-fitting denture with a tissue conditioner allows tissues to return to normal. The main aim for their use is to aid in the treatment of chronic soreness from dentures.[40] Tissue conditioners are degradable with time and occasionally susceptible to microbial colonization. Thus, incorporation of AgNPs could help in reducing microbial colonization. Antimicrobial zeolites have been incorporated into tissue conditioner to make it antimicrobial.[41],[42],[43] Zeolites are aluminum silicate crystalline structures. These crystalline structures have empty spaces. Ag and zinc (Zn) have antimicrobial property. Cations of Ag and Zn, which have antimicrobial properties, may be found within the empty spaces of the zeolites. They get exchanged over a period of time with other cations from their environment.[20] The free cations come into contact with the environmental microorganisms, affecting their development by inactivating the vital microbial enzymes, interrupting with the RNA replication, and blocking their respiration by an oxidative process.[20],[41],[42],[43],[44]

Ki Young Nam has incorporated AgNPs into a commercial tissue conditioner. The concentrations used were 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, and 3.0%. This modified tissue conditioner was evaluated against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and C. albicans after 24 h and 72 h. Nam has reported that the modified tissue conditioner shows antimicrobial properties even at 0.1% concentration (for S. mutans and S. aureus) and 0.5% (for C. albicans).[35]

Matsuura et al.[42] in 1997 studied antimicrobial effect of tissue conditioners containing Ag-zeolite (SZ). Five commercially available tissue conditioners were selected. Tissue conditioners containing SZ showed antibacterial effects. They stated that SZ continuously releases a small amount of Ag ions resulting long-term antimicrobial activity which is not harmful to tissue cells. Therefore, SZ appears to be a suitable material to use with tissue conditioners. Cell viability of five commercially available tissue conditioners was also tested. The results suggest that Shofu Tissue conditioner has the highest cell viability.

Nikawa [43]et al. studied antifungal effect of zeolite which was incorporated in the tissue conditioner against Candida growth, and they suggested that Zeomic (Ag-Zeolite)-combined tissue conditioner improves the oral environment of denture stomatitis patients. They suggested that an antimicrobial zeolite-combined tissue conditioner would be a potential aid in denture plaque control.

Silver nanoparticles in denture base resin

Wady [5] in 2012 evaluated the activity of a AgNP solution against C. albicans and then the effect of incorporation of AgNPs on the materials hydrophobicity, Candida adhesion, and biofilm formation. However, they concluded that although the AgNPs had antifungal activity, there was no effect on C. albicans adherence and biofilm formation.

Acosta-Torres et al.[45] developed a PMMA containing 1 μg/mL of AgNPs and they compared this new compound to PMMA. It has been observed that PMMA-AgNPs specimens demonstrated less C. albicans adherence compared to PMMA. Besides that, they evaluated the activity of mouse fibroblasts and human lymphocytes. PMMA-AgNPs compound does not show cytotoxicity or genotoxicity. The flexural properties of the PMMA-AgNPs acrylic resin were studied. They showed the main values were according to ISO–1567. These results suggest that the PMMA incorporated with AgNPs could be developed as an antimicrobial, antifungal, and biocompatible denture base resin.

Monteiro et al.[46] incorporated AgNPs in a commercial denture base resin, in different concentrations. They evaluated a denture base resin containing AgNPs through morphological analysis. They studied distribution and dispersion of these particles in denture base resin. They also tested Ag release in deionized water at different time intervals. It was observed that lower the volume of suspension added, lower the distribution and higher the dispersion of AgNPs in the denture base resin. They also stated that AgNPs particles were not detected in the deionized water.

Li et al. evaluated the effect of PMMA denture base resin incorporated with AgNPs (nano-Ag) on C. albicans adhesion and biofilm formation. They showed that bioactivity and biomass of C. albicans biofilm successively decreased by increasing the concentration of the nano-Ag solution. Denture base resin incorporated with nano-Ag did not influence the property of adhesion at low on concentrations, but it exhibited antiadhesion activity at a high concentration (5%).[47]

Hamada and Kusai investigated the effect of incorporation of AgNPs on viscoelastic properties of acrylic resin denture base material. They concluded that incorporation AgNPs within the acrylic denture base material can improve its viscoelastic properties.[48]

Castro et al. assessed the antimicrobial activity and the mechanical properties of an acrylic resin embedded with nanostructure Ag vanadate (β-AgVO3). They concluded that incorporation of β-AgVO3 can improve the antimicrobial activity in the acrylic resin. At lower concentrations, the mechanical properties were improved; however, at higher concentrations, no changes in the control were detected.[49]

Silver nanoparticles in maxillofacial prosthesis

Maxillofacial prostheses are used to replace lost facial parts. These prostheses are prone to contamination and infection. C. albicans infection poses a significant challenge for facial prostheses fabricated out of silicone material. Candida causes degradation of the material and infection of the surrounding tissue. The maxillofacial prosthesis wearer is exposed to medical risks resulting from the fungal infection caused by the Candida adherence on the material surface. It has also been noted that C. albicans adherence on various commercially available silicon materials regardless of the surface contact angles.[50] Denture-induced stomatitis is often presented in patients using obturator.[51] These maxillofacial prostheses, which are used for nasal, mid-facial, or combinations of facial prostheses which are extended to obturate exposed intraoral defects, are exposed to body fluids such as saliva and nasal secretions. These prostheses are susceptible to surface colonization by microorganisms, with subsequent degradation of the material, resulting in a complex biofilm formation on the prosthesis. The coating of silicone materials with AgNPs could be of great use to prevent fungal infection in those patients using maxillofacial prostheses.


  Conclusion Top


Ag has been most extensively studied and used as an antimicrobial agent since ancient times. The uses of AgNP are varied and many. They are already entrenched for many commercial applications, certain medical applications, and in dentistry. In prosthodontics, it has been advocated as an antifungal agent used against candidiasis.

AgNPs due to their attributes of antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties possess distinct advantage and great prospective. However, the pitfall of the AgNP is that they can induce toxicity at various degrees. It has been demonstrated that toxicity caused by AgNP increases proportionately with the increase in concentrations of AgNP. It can cause various health problems.[52] Although a host of in vitro studies have been done, the laboratory conditions used in these studies do not entirely and accurately reproduce oral conditions. Therefore, in vivo studies are of great value and relevance. Use of animal models and clinical studies to get a better understanding of the antimicrobial properties is necessary. AgNPs containing dental materials, especially tissue conditioners and denture base resin, present good antimicrobial properties. This modified material could be an alternative to patients with denture stomatitis, medically compromised geriatric patients, and patients using maxillofacial prosthesis.

AgNPs have also been proved to be biocompatible with mammalian cells.[35] Studies should be carried out to determine the optimal concentration of this Ag compound, to assure the antimicrobial effect without increasing its cytotoxicity, and also to interrogate the Ag ion release and long-term properties of the AgNp-containing dental materials. Researchers must study the most suitable method of Ag incorporation into denture base resin or other materials.[35]

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.



 
  References Top

1.
Craig RG. Restorative Dental Materials. 10th ed. St Louis: Mosby; 1996. p. 500.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Pereira-Cenci T, Del Bel Cury AA, Crielaard W, Ten Cate JM. Development of Candida-associated denture stomatitis: New insights. J Appl Oral Sci 2008;16:86-94.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Radford DR, Sweet SP, Challacombe SJ, Walter JD. Adherence of Candida albicans to denture-base materials with different surface finishes. J Dent 1998;26:577-83.  Back to cited text no. 3
[PUBMED]    
4.
Valentini F, Luz MS, Boscato N, Pereira-Cenci T. Biofilm formation on denture liners in a randomised controlled in situ trial. J Dent 2013;41:420-7.  Back to cited text no. 4
[PUBMED]    
5.
Wady AF, Machado AL, Zucolotto V, Zamperini CA, Berni E, Vergani CE. Evaluation of Candida albicans adhesion and biofilm formation on a denture base acrylic resin containing silver nanoparticles. J Appl Microbiol 2012;112:1163-72.  Back to cited text no. 5
[PUBMED]    
6.
Paranhos HF, Silva-Lovato CH, de Souza RF, Cruz PC, de Freitas-Pontes KM, Watanabe E, et al. Effect of three methods for cleaning dentures on biofilms formed in vitro on acrylic resin. J Prosthodont 2009;18:427-31.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Jorgensen E. Candida-associated denture stomatitis and angular cheilitis. In: Samaranayake LP, MacFarlane TW, editors. Oral Candidosis. London, UK: Butterworth; 1990.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Ramage G, Tomsett K, Wickes BL, López-Ribot JL, Redding SW. Denture stomatitis: A role for Candida biofilms. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;98:53-9.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Pusateri CR, Monaco EA, Edgerton M. Sensitivity of Candida albicans biofilm cells grown on denture acrylic to antifungal proteins and chlorhexidine. Arch Oral Biol 2009;54:588-94.  Back to cited text no. 9
[PUBMED]    
10.
Redding S, Bhatt B, Rawls HR, Siegel G, Scott K, Lopez-Ribot J. Inhibition of Candida albicans biofilm formation on denture material. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009;107:669-72.  Back to cited text no. 10
[PUBMED]    
11.
Arendorf TM, Walker DM. Denture stomatitis: A review. J Oral Rehabil 1987;14:217-27.  Back to cited text no. 11
[PUBMED]    
12.
Baena-Monroy T, Moreno-Maldonado V, Franco-Martínez F, Aldape-Barrios B, Quindós G, Sánchez-Vargas LO. Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans colonization in patients wearing dental prosthesis. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2005;10 Suppl 1:E27-39.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.
Webb BC, Thomas CJ, Willcox MD, Harty DW, Knox KW. Candida-associated denture stomatitis. Aetiology and management: A review. Part 2. Oral diseases caused by Candida species. Aust Dent J 1998;43:160-6.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.
Samaranayake LP. Oral mycoses in HIV infection. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1992;73:171-80.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
Greenwood D, Slack R, Peutherer J, editors. Medical Microbiology. 15th ed. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone, Ltd.; 1997.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.
Samaranayake YH, Samaranayake LP. Experimental oral candidiasis in animal models. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001;14:398-429.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.
Kauffman CA, Carver PL. Antifungal agents in the 1990s. Current status and future developments. Drugs 1997;53:539-49.  Back to cited text no. 17
    
18.
Ellepola AN, Samaranayake LP. Oral candidal infections and antimycotics. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2000;11:172-98.  Back to cited text no. 18
    
19.
De Visschere LM, Grooten L, Theuniers G, Vanobbergen JN. Oral hygiene of elderly people in long-term care institutions – A cross-sectional study. Gerodontology 2006;23:195-204.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.
Casemiro LA, Gomes Martins CH, Pires-de-Souza Fde C, Panzeri H. Antimicrobial and mechanical properties of acrylic resins with incorporated silver-zinc zeolite – Part I. Gerodontology 2008;25:187-94.  Back to cited text no. 20
    
21.
Nam KY.In vitro antimicrobial effect of the tissue conditioner containing silver nanoparticles. J Adv Prosthodont 2011;3:20-4.  Back to cited text no. 21
    
22.
Pietrokovski J, Azuelos J, Tau S, Mostavoy R. Oral findings in elderly nursing home residents in selected countries: Oral hygiene conditions and plaque accumulation on denture surfaces. J Prosthet Dent 1995;73:136-41.  Back to cited text no. 22
    
23.
Nagy A, Harrison A, Sabbani S, Munson RS Jr., Dutta PK, Waldman WJ. Silver nanoparticles embedded in zeolite membranes: Release of silver ions and mechanism of antibacterial action. Int J Nanomedicine 2011;6:1833-52.  Back to cited text no. 23
    
24.
Duke ES. Has dentistry moved into the nanotechnology era? Compend Contin Educ Dent 2003;24:380-2.  Back to cited text no. 24
    
25.
Mohamed Hamouda I. Current perspectives of nanoparticles in medical and dental biomaterials. J Biomed Res 2012;26:143-51.  Back to cited text no. 25
    
26.
Lara HH, Garza-Treviño EN, Ixtepan-Turrent L, Singh DK. Silver nanoparticles are broad-spectrum bactericidal and virucidal compounds. J Nanobiotechnology 2011;9:30.  Back to cited text no. 26
    
27.
Li R, Kim DD, Yu K, Liang H, Bai C, Li S. Study of fine silver powder from AgOH slurry by hydrothermal techniques. J Mater Process Technol 2003;137:55-9.  Back to cited text no. 27
    
28.
Dong X, Ji X, Jing J, Li M, Li J, Yang W. Synthesis of triangular silver nanoprisms by Stepwise reduction of sodium borohydride and trisodium citrate. J Phys Chem C 2010;114:2070-4.  Back to cited text no. 28
    
29.
Deng JP, Shih WC, Mou CY. Electron transfer-induced hydrogenation of anthracene catalyzed by gold and silver nanoparticles. J Phys Chem C 2007;111:9723-8.  Back to cited text no. 29
    
30.
Panacek A, Kvítek L, Prucek R, Kolar M, Vecerova R, Pizúrova N, et al. Silver colloid nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, and their antibacterial activity. J Phys Chem B 2006;110:16248-53.  Back to cited text no. 30
    
31.
Udapudi B, Naik P, Tabassum S, Sharma R, Balgi S. Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2012;2:10-4.  Back to cited text no. 31
    
32.
Singh S, Patel P, Jaiswal S, Prabhune AA, Ramana CV, Prasad BL. A direct method for the preparation of glycolipid–metal nanoparticle conjugates: Sophorolipids as reducing and capping agents for the synthesis of water re-dispersible silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial activity. New J Chem 2009;33:646-52.  Back to cited text no. 32
    
33.
Gogoi SK, Gopinath P, Paul A, Ramesh A, Ghosh SS, Chattopadhyay A. Green fluorescent protein-expressing Escherichia coli as a model system for investigating the antimicrobial activities of silver nanoparticles. Langmuir 2006;22:9322-8.  Back to cited text no. 33
    
34.
Kumar R, Howdle S, Münstedt H. Polyamide/silver antimicrobials: Effect of filler types on the silver ion release. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2005;75:311-9.  Back to cited text no. 34
    
35.
Corrêa JM, Mori M, Sanches HL, da Cruz AD, Poiate E Jr., Poiate IA. Silver nanoparticles in dental biomaterials. Int J Biomater 2015;2015:485275.  Back to cited text no. 35
    
36.
Lotfi M, Vosoughhosseini S, Ranjkesh B, Khani S, Saghiri M, Zand V. Antimicrobial efficacy of nanosilver, sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine gluconate against Enterococcus faecalis. Afr J Biotechnol 2011;10:6799-03.  Back to cited text no. 36
    
37.
Durner J, Stojanovic M, Urcan E, Hickel R, Reichl FX. Influence of silver nano-particles on monomer elution from light-cured composites. Dent Mater 2011;27:631-6.  Back to cited text no. 37
    
38.
Flores CY, Diaz C, Rubert A, Benítez GA, Moreno MS, Fernández Lorenzo de Mele MA, et al. Spontaneous adsorption of silver nanoparticles on Ti/TiO2 surfaces. Antibacterial effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010;350:402-8.  Back to cited text no. 38
    
39.
Zhao L, Wang H, Huo K, Cui L, Zhang W, Ni H, et al. Antibacterial nano-structured titania coating incorporated with silver nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2011;32:5706-16.  Back to cited text no. 39
    
40.
Winkler S. Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics. 2nd ed. USA: Ishiyaku EuroAmerica Inc.; 2004. p. 81-7.  Back to cited text no. 40
    
41.
Abe Y, Ishii M, Takeuchi M, Ueshige M, Tanaka S, Akagawa Y. Effect of saliva on an antimicrobial tissue conditioner containing silver-zeolite. J Oral Rehabil 2004;31:568-73.  Back to cited text no. 41
    
42.
Matsuura T, Abe Y, Sato Y, Okamoto M, Ueshige M, Akagawa Y. Prolonged antimicrobial effect of tissue conditioners containing silver-zeolite. J Dent 1997;25:373-7.  Back to cited text no. 42
    
43.
Nikawa H, Yamamoto T, Hamada T, Rahardjo MB, Murata H, Nakanoda S. Antifungal effect of zeolite-incorporated tissue conditioner against Candida albicans growth and/or acid production. J Oral Rehabil 1997;24:350-7.  Back to cited text no. 43
    
44.
Ueshige M, Abe Y, Sato Y, Tsuga K, Akagawa Y, Ishii M. Dynamic viscoelastic properties of antimicrobial tissue conditioners containing silver-zeolite. J Dent 1999;27:517-22.  Back to cited text no. 44
    
45.
Acosta-Torres LS, Mendieta I, Nuñez-Anita RE, Cajero-Juárez M, Castaño VM. Cytocompatible antifungal acrylic resin containing silver nanoparticles for dentures. Int J Nanomedicine 2012;7:4777-86.  Back to cited text no. 45
    
46.
Monteiro DR, Gorup LF, Takamiya AS, de Camargo ER, Filho AC, Barbosa DB. Silver distribution and release from an antimicrobial denture base resin containing silver colloidal nanoparticles. J Prosthodont 2012;21:7-15.  Back to cited text no. 46
    
47.
Li Z, Sun J, Lan J, Qi Q. Effect of a denture base acrylic resin containing silver nanoparticles on Candida albicans adhesion and biofilm formation. Gerodontology 2014;25:204-7.  Back to cited text no. 47
    
48.
Hamada ZM, Kusai B. Effect of a denture base acrylic resin containing silver nanoparticles on Candida albicans adhesion and biofilm formation. Eur J Dent 2015;9:207-12.  Back to cited text no. 48
    
49.
Castro DT, Holtz RD, Alves OL, Watanabe E, Valente ML, Silva CH, et al. Development of a novel resin with antimicrobial properties for dental application. J Appl Oral Sci 2014;22:442-9.  Back to cited text no. 49
    
50.
Atay A, Piskin B, Akin H, Sipahi C, Karakas A, Saracli MA. Evaluation of Candida albicans adherence on the surface of various maxillofacial silicone materials. J Mycol Med 2013;23:27-32.  Back to cited text no. 50
    
51.
Mattos BS, Sousa AA, Magalhães MH, André M, Brito E Dias R. Candida albicans in patients with oronasal communication and obturator prostheses. Braz Dent J 2009;20:336-40.  Back to cited text no. 51
    
52.
Prabhu S, Poulose EK. Silver nanoparticles: Mechanism of antimicrobial action, synthesis, medical applications, and toxicity effects. Int Nano Lett 2012;3:6-15.  Back to cited text no. 52
    



This article has been cited by
1 Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles on Orthodontic Elastomeric Modules: Evaluation of Mechanical and Antibacterial Properties
Alma Hernández-Gómora,Edith Lara-Carrillo,Julio Robles-Navarro,Rogelio Scougall-Vilchis,Susana Hernández-López,Carlo Medina-Solís,Raúl Morales-Luckie
Molecules. 2017; 22(9): 1407
[Pubmed] | [DOI]



 

Top
 
 
  Search
 
Similar in PUBMED
   Search Pubmed for
   Search in Google Scholar for
 Related articles
Access Statistics
Email Alert *
Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)

 
  In this article
Abstract
Introduction
Denture Stomatit...
Applications of ...
Conclusion
References

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed1795    
    Printed103    
    Emailed0    
    PDF Downloaded723    
    Comments [Add]    
    Cited by others 1    

Recommend this journal